Originally native to parts of South Asia and the Arabian Peninsula, An. stephensi has been expanding its range over the last decade, with detections reported in Djibouti (2012), Ethiopia and Sudan (2016), Somalia (2019) and Nigeria (2020). Unlike the other main mosquito vectors of malaria in Africa, it thrives in urban settings.
With more than 40% of the population in Africa living in urban environments, the invasion and spread of An. stephensi could pose a significant threat to the control and elimination of malaria in the region. But large-scale surveillance of the vector is still in its infancy, and more research and data are urgently needed.
“We are still learning about the presence of Anopheles stephensi and its role in malaria transmission in Africa,” said Dr Jan Kolaczinski, who leads the Vector Control and Insecticide Resistance unit with the WHO Global Malaria Programme. “It is important to underscore that we still don’t know how far the mosquito species has already spread, and how much of a problem it is or could be.”
WHO’s new initiative aims to support an effective regional response to An. stephensi on the African continent through a five-pronged approach:
- increasing collaboration across sectors and border;
- strengthening surveillance to determine the extent of the spread of An. stephensi and its role in transmission;
- improving information exchange on the presence of An. stephensi and on efforts to control it;
- developing guidance for national malaria control programmes on appropriate ways to respond to An. stephensi
- prioritizing research to evaluate the impact of interventions and tools against An. stephensi
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